Below is a practical, evidence‑based list of pesticides used in food production. For each one you’ll also see the typical food or crop uses and the associated health risks they’ve been linked to in scientific or regulatory literature.

See also the post ‘When UK fresh foods are in season along with their residual pesticide levels’

Herbicides

1) Glyphosate

• Used on (typical foods/crops): broad‑spectrum weed control pre‑sowing and between rows in cereals, oilseeds, maize, sugar beet; non‑selective use in orchards and non‑crop areas. EU approval renewed to 15 Dec 2033 with restrictions (desiccation for harvest timing is not permitted).
• Potential health links: IARC classifies as “probably carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2A) based on limited human and sufficient animal evidence; mechanistic evidence includes genotoxicity and oxidative stress. Other authorities (EFSA/ECHA/EC) did not identify “critical areas of concern” for renewal under current conditions of use.
• Status note (EU/UK): EU approval renewed in 2023 with specific mitigation measures; Member States decide product uses.

2) 2,4‑D (phenoxy herbicide)

• Used on: cereals (wheat, barley, oats), maize and grassland; targets broad‑leaf weeds.
• Potential health links: IARC Group 2B (“possibly carcinogenic”); mechanisms include oxidative stress and immunosuppression; regulators (EFSA, EPA, Health Canada) generally judge cancer risk as not supported at approved uses.
• Status note: Approved in EU/GB with conditions; monitored via MRLs.

3) Pendimethalin

• Used on: cereals, potatoes, beans/peas, carrots, onions, soy, rice; pre‑emergence control of annual grasses/broadleaf weeds.
• Potential health links: endocrine‑disruptor flag in hazard listings; ecotoxic for fish; JMPR ADI 0–0.1 mg/kg bw; ARfD 1 mg/kg bw.
• Status note: Approved in EU/GB with risk‑mitigation measures on labels.

4) Paraquat (bipyridyl herbicide – non‑food use in EU/UK)

• Used on (globally): non‑selective burn‑down in many crops; not authorised in EU/UK (ban).
• Potential health links: highly acutely toxic; ingestion causes multi‑organ failure with progressive pulmonary fibrosis; mortality is high even with treatment.
• Status note: Banned across the EU (and GB) for over a decade; post‑ban surveillance (e.g., Ireland) shows sharp drops in poisonings/fatalities.

Insecticides

5) Imidacloprid (neonicotinoid)

• Used on: historically on potatoes, cereals, fruits, leafy veg and seed treatments; also in horticulture (and veterinary flea products). Many field uses are severely restricted/banned in the EU because of bee risks, but residues can occur via allowed/third‑country uses.
• Potential health links: neurotoxic to insects; hazard profiles flag acute mammalian and avian toxicity and high bee toxicity; water guidance values exist in several jurisdictions.
• Status note: EU has restrictions on outdoor uses (bee protection); other regions allow targeted uses.

6) Lambda‑cyhalothrin (pyrethroid)

• Used on: cereals, oilseed rape, potatoes, vegetables, fruits (also greenhouse); import tolerances exist e.g., for avocados.
• Potential health links: transient skin paresthesia; pyrethroids show neurotoxic effects; high toxicity to aquatic organisms and bees; EFSA consumer risk “unlikely” for certain uses/import tolerances but notes data gaps on sterilisation by‑products.
• Status note: Approved in EU/GB with mitigation (e.g., drift reduction, timing outside bloom).

7) Cypermethrins (incl. alpha‑/zeta‑isomers; pyrethroids)

• Used on: cereals, potatoes, oilseed rape, lettuces, greenhouse cucumbers/courgettes; many fruits/veg carry MRLs; some proposed EU MRL reductions would affect a wide list (citrus, apples/pears, berries, tomatoes, peppers, beans/peas, leafy veg, etc.).
• Potential health links: pyrethroids are neurotoxic; environmental concerns for aquatic organisms, non‑target arthropods and bees; EFSA has set mitigation options.
• Status note: Approved in EU/GB with restrictions; MRLs under review.

8) Malathion (organophosphate)

• Used on: broad‑spectrum control in fruits/veg, stored products and public‑health vector control in some regions.
• Potential health links: IARC Group 2A (“probably carcinogenic”); cholinesterase inhibitor (neurotoxicity); EFSA has reviewed confirmatory data for consumer and bird risks.
• Status note: Approved in EU until 31 Jul 2026 (subject to national authorisations); not approved in GB for plant protection.

9) Chlorpyrifos / Chlorpyrifos‑methyl (organophosphates – banned for food uses in EU/UK)

• Used on (historically): citrus, pome fruit, stone fruit, bananas, vegetables, cereals, and post‑harvest uses for stored grain (‑methyl).
• Potential health links: EU non‑renewal followed EFSA’s concerns over possible genotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity (effects in children reported in epidemiological studies).
• Status note: EU non‑renewal (2020) and US food tolerances revoked; residues may still appear on imports and are assessed/enforced against very low MRLs.

Fungicides

10) Captan

• Used on: apples/pears (pome), cherries, berries, grapes; widely used protectant fungicide in orchards and soft fruit.
• Potential health links: irritant; evolving classification reviews; EFSA issued a 2024 statement on environmental risk refinements and implications of updated classification.
• Status note: EU approval renewed to 31 Oct 2039 with additional restrictions to protect pollinators and the environment.

11) Mancozeb (dithiocarbamate)

• Used on (historically): potatoes, tomatoes, fruit and many veg for blight/mildew control.
• Potential health links: concerns included reproductive toxicity classification and breakdown products (e.g., ETU).
• Status note: EU non‑renewal (Dec 2020); ongoing legal/judicial developments but non‑renewal remains the operative measure; some Member States (e.g., France) plan to set national zero‑tolerance (LOQ) import MRLs in 2026.

12) Azoxystrobin (strobilurin)

• Used on: very widely on cereals, grapes, hops and tropical fruits; recent EU decisions raised MRLs for papaya, chicory roots, hops and later melons/watermelons, aligned with consumer safety assessments.
• Potential health links: JMPR set ADI 0.2 mg/kg bw; ARfD not necessary; consumer risk considered low at assessed uses.
• Status note: Approved; frequent import tolerances/MRL updates.

13) Boscalid (carboxamide)

• Used on: grapes, apples/pears, strawberries, brassicas, onions, beans/peas, carrots, and tree nuts (broad spectrum against Botrytis, Alternaria, mildews).
• Potential health links: low acute mammalian toxicity; persistent in soil; JMPR/EFSA established ADI 0.04 mg/kg bw; consumer risk generally acceptable at authorised uses.
• Status note: EU approval currently until 15 Apr 2026; authorised nationally for many crops.

14) Thiabendazole (benzimidazole)

• Used on: post‑harvest on citrus and bananas, and mangoes, sweet potatoes, witloof; also seed treatment; common for mould/rot control in storage.
• Potential health links: historic concerns included thyroid and developmental endpoints; EFSA/JMPR assessments support MRLs with no identified consumer risk at assessed uses.
• Status note: MRLs revised/updated (e.g., for avocados, mangoes, sweet potatoes).

Other herbicides commonly found on salads/oilseeds

15) Propyzamide

• Used on: lettuce (field/greenhouse) and winter oilseed rape (the latter translates into edible oils/animal feed).
• Potential health links: EFSA peer reviews (2016; 2022 confirmatory data) addressed mammalian tox and residues; risk assessments underpin current approvals and MRLs.
• Status note: EU approval maintained with confirmatory information assessed in 2022.

Where are residues most often found?

Patterns change year to year, but monitoring often finds residues on high‑input or multi‑spray crops such as citrus, apples/pears, table grapes, berries, tomatoes/peppers, leafy greens, and herbs. EFSA’s 2023 random‑sampling subset found pears (65%) and oranges (64%) most likely to contain multiple residues. UK rolling/quarterly reports highlight similar commodity focuses and trigger detailed risk assessments when needed.

How to reduce exposure

• Legal limits (MRLs) are set with large safety margins and reflect good agricultural practice; they are not direct toxicity thresholds.
• Washing/peeling reduces many residues; varying your fruit/veg spreads exposure. (General consumer advice reflected in EU/UK monitoring frameworks and risk communications.)
• Organic products can still contain certain permitted substances (e.g., copper) or traces from the environment; they are also monitored against MRLs.

Sources & data you can check routinely

• UK PRiF / HSE: quarterly and annual pesticide‑residue reports, incl. commodity‑specific findings.
• EFSA Annual EU Report (2023 data): compliance rates by commodity, origin, and multi‑residue stats; interactive dashboards.
• EU/GB authorisations & MRL registers to look up specific active substances and crops.

Other commonly encountered pesticides (but not listed above)

• Chlormequat (PGR, cereals & mushrooms) – a growth regulator that’s been in the news because of oat and fungi residues and ongoing EU MRL adjustments (including proposals to revise animal‑product/fungi MRLs in 2026).
• Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid still approved in the EU) – residues increasingly discussed for honey and oilseeds; the EU revised several acetamiprid MRLs in 2025, including for “honey and other apiculture products”.
• Spinosad (spinosyn insecticide, sometimes used in organic IPM) – after EFSA introduced an ARfD, EU lowered MRLs for leafy veg/salad crops; still widely used but with tighter limits on certain commodities.
• Spirotetramat (systemic “keto‑enol” insecticide) – common on fruit & veg (e.g., berries, citrus, coffee); JMPR sets residues as the sum of parent + enol metabolite, so it often shows up in lab reports even when parent degrades.
• Fludioxonil (fungicide, post‑harvest/field) – frequent on berries and stored produce; EFSA has raised/adjusted MRLs for small fruits; PPDB profiles it as broadly used across fruit & veg.
• Pyrimethanil (fungicide) – common on table grapes, garlic, honey, lettuce, leeks; several MRL increases/updates in recent years reflecting current GAPs.
• Propamocarb (systemic fungicide) – relevant for lettuce, radishes, rucola and honey; EU raised some MRLs in 2024–2025 (and is set to lower lettuce), so it appears in monitoring and compliance discussions.
• Prochloraz (imidazole fungicide; no longer approved in EU) – the EU reduced all MRLs to the LOD in 2024, so any finding above trace is an issue—still seen on some imports (e.g., exotic fruits, fungi).
• Fosetyl‑Al / potassium phosphonates → phosphonic acid – residues are now regulated in the EU as “phosphonic acid and its salts” (not fosetyl itself). Expect phosphonic acid findings across many crops (incl. tea/coffee/nuts/honey) from plant protection and fertilizer/booster uses.

“Residue markers” you’ll often see (not always from pesticide use)

Copper compounds, bromide ion, and chlorate – among the most frequently quantified in EU monitoring. Copper is widely used in plant protection (incl. organic); bromide can derive from methyl bromide legacy or natural sources; chlorate often reflects sanitization/processing rather than field use. Ethylene oxide (not approved in the EU) still turns up occasionally, typically in imported spices/sesame or processed foods.

An interactive table – pesticides common names, other names or aliases and notes / context

Pesticide (ISO)	Other names / aliases	Notes (salts/isomers)
2,4‑D	2,4‑dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4‑PA; Aqualin; Hedonal	Common salts: amine, choline, dimethylamine, ester forms
Acetamiprid	Ethanimidamide; NI‑25	Neonicotinoid
Azoxystrobin	Azoxystrobine; ICI‑A 5504; ICIA 5504	Strobilurin (QoI) fungicide
Bentazone	Bentazon	—
Beta‑cypermethrin	Beta‑cipermetrin; Cypermethrinbeta	Enriched isomer fraction of cypermethrin
Boscalid	Nicobifen; BAS 510	SDHI fungicide
Captan	Captane; Captab; ENT 26538	Phthalimide fungicide
Carbaryl	Sevin; OMS 29; OMS 629; ENT 23969; NMC	Carbamate insecticide
Chlormequat	Chlormequat chloride; AC 38555; 2‑chloroethyl‑trimethyl‑ammonium chloride; Chlorocholine chloride	Plant growth regulator (PGR)
Chlorothalonil	TPN (older code name); Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile	Broad‑spectrum fungicide
Chlorpyrifos	Dowco 179; Chlorpyriphos; Chlorpyrifos‑ethyl; ENT 27311	Organophosphate; AChE inhibitor
Cypermethrin	Cypermethrine	Mixture of isomers; beta‑cypermethrin is related enriched isomers
Deltamethrin	Decamethrin	Pyrethroid insecticide
Diazinon	Dimpylate	Organophosphate insecticide
Diuron	DCMU	Phenylurea herbicide
Fludioxonil	Fludioxonyl	Phenylpyrrole fungicide
Fosetyl‑aluminium	Fosetyl; Efosite‑Al; EPAL; Aluminium phosethyl; Fosetyl‑Al	Degrades to phosphonic acid
Glyphosate	Glyphosate acid; Sulfosate; 2‑[(phosphonomethyl)amino]acetic acid; CP 67573	Common salt forms: IPA, potassium, ammonium
Imazalil	Enilconazole; Chloramizol	Racemic mixture (two enantiomers)
Imidacloprid	—	Neonicotinoid
Lambda‑cyhalothrin	PP 321; (related isomer) gamma‑cyhalothrin	One enantiomeric pair from cyhalothrin
Malathion	Carbophos; Maldison; Mercaptothion; Carbofos	Organophosphate; AChE inhibitor
Mancozeb	Manzeb	Dithiocarbamate complex (Mn/Zn)
Paraquat	Methyl viologen; Orthoparaquat; PP 910	Usually as dichloride salt
Pendimethalin	Pendimethaline; Penoxalin; Phenoxalin	—
Prochloraz	AE B080109; Poraz	(duplicate kept intentionally in case of sorting/filters)
Prochloraz	AE B080109; Poraz	Imidazole (conazole) fungicide
Propamocarb	Propamocarb hydrochloride (common salt form)	Carbamate fungicide (oomycetes)
Propyzamide	Pronamide	—
Pyrimethanil	ZK 100309	Anilinopyrimidine fungicide
Spinosad	DE 105; BBF 05897; GF‑976	Mixture of spinosyn A & D (fermentation metabolites)
Spirotetramat	—	Keto‑enol insecticide; cis/trans stereoisomers
Thiabendazole	Tiabendazole; TBZ; Tebuzate	Benzimidazole fungicide

References

UK government & agencies

• GOV.UK / PRiF annual report 2024. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/expert-committee-on-pesticide-residues-in-food-prif-annual-report/prif-annual-report-for-2024 [gov.uk]
• GOV.UK / PRiF collection page (annual reports index). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/expert-committee-on-pesticide-residues-in-food-prif-annual-report [gov.uk]
• DEFRA press page linking PRiF annuals. https://ebs.publicnow.com/view/18B07AB1C9BECC7917690343504DEC75C7AAADED [ebs.publicnow.com]
• data.gov.uk—UK Pesticide Residues in Food dataset. https://www.data.gov.uk/dataset/5d5028ef-9918-4ab7-8755-81f3ad06f308/pesticide-residues-in-food [data.gov.uk]
• UK FSA—Consolidated Annual Report & Accounts 2023–24 (context). https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/media/document/FSA-Annual%20Reports%20and%20Accounts%202024_Consolidated.pdf [food.gov.uk]
• GOV.UK—Quarter 3, 2024 pesticide residues monitoring report. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pesticide-residues-in-food-quarterly-monitoring-results-for-2024/quarter-3-2024-report-on-the-pesticide-residues-monitoring-programme [gov.uk]
• GovWire repost—PRiF annual report updates (index). https://www.govwire.co.uk/news/health-safety-executive/independent-report-expert-committee-on-pesticide-residues-in-food-prif-annual-report-103184 [govwire.co.uk]
• Food Standards Agency—Pesticide residues topic page. https://www.food.gov.uk/topic/pesticide-residues [food.gov.uk]

UK HSE (authorisations, MRLs & databases)

• HSE—Pesticides databases overview. https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/databases/index.htm [hse.gov.uk]
• HSE—Register of authorised plant protection products (GB & NI). https://secure.pesticides.gov.uk/pestreg/ [secure.pes…des.gov.uk]
• HSE—Active substances approved in Great Britain. https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/active-substances/register.htm [hse.gov.uk]
• HSE—Pesticides main portal (post‑Brexit regime). https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/ [hse.gov.uk]
• HSE—Databases overview & user guide. https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/databases/overview.htm [hse.gov.uk]
• HSE—New pesticides register database user guide. https://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/databases/new-pesticides-register-database-user-guide.htm [hse.gov.uk]
• HSE—EAMUs/Off‑label uses search. https://secure.pesticides.gov.uk/offlabels/search.asp [secure.pes…des.gov.uk]
• HSE e‑bulletin—GB MRL amendments (example). https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/UKHSE/bulletins/37858aa [content.go…livery.com]

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) – annual reports & opinions

• Interactive: 2023 EU report on pesticide residues (EU‑MACP subset). https://multimedia.efsa.europa.eu/pesticides-report-2023/ [multimedia….europa.eu]
• EFSA Journal (2025): 2023 EU pesticide residues report (full scientific report). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9398 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]
• EFSA news explainer (May 2025). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/pesticides-residues-food-whats-situation-eu [efsa.europa.eu]
• Food Safety News—summary of EFSA 2023 report. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2025/05/efsa-report-details-pesticide-residue-situation/ [foodsafetynews.com]
• Phytocontrol note summarising EFSA 2023 results. https://www.phytocontrol.com/en/regulatory-watch/efsa-annual-report-on-pesticides-2023/ [phytocontrol.com]
• EFSA—Lambda‑cyhalothrin import tolerance (avocados). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8464 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]
• EFSA—Cypermethrin peer review (2018). https://www.tentamus.com/legacy-uploads/sites/5/2017/02/EFSA_Journal_Cipermetrina_2018.pdf [tentamus.com]
• EFSA—Alpha‑cypermethrin peer review (2018). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniele-Court-Marques/publication/327554367_Peer_review_of_the_pesticide_risk_assessment_of_the_active_substance_alpha-cypermethrin/links/5be1ae1292851c6b27ab0a6a/Peer-review-of-the-pesticide-risk-assessment-of-the-active-substance-alpha-cypermethrin.pdf [researchgate.net]
• EFSA—Statement on risk mitigation for cypermethrin (2019). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sv/efsajournal/pub/5822 [efsa.europa.eu]
• EFSA—Cypermethrins MRL review (2022/2023). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7800 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]
• EFSA—Propyzamide peer review (2016). https://doaj.org/article/9d89922f04cf48d894ab4d1b61e3b546 [doaj.org]
• EFSA—Propyzamide peer review (confirmatory data, 2022). https://doaj.org/article/8461ce2a789144b38b33f18faf0721ae [doaj.org]
• EFSA—Captan environmental/classification statement (2024). https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC10885748 [europepmc.org]
• EFSA Journal (open PDF mirror of the captan statement). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/be13/84a493a4d68640b190c9e174b3c6b2970082.pdf [pdfs.seman…cholar.org]
• EFSA—Thiabendazole MRLs (2021). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/6586 [efsa.europa.eu]
• EFSA—Thiabendazole confirmatory data (2022). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7539 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]

European Commission (DG SANTE) & EU Official Journal

• Glyphosate renewal—Q\&A/status page. https://food.ec.europa.eu/plants/pesticides/approval-active-substances-safeners-and-synergists/renewal-approval/glyphosate_en [food.ec.europa.eu]
• Glyphosate second‑renewal timeline (2019–2023). https://food.ec.europa.eu/plants/pesticides/approval-active-substances-safeners-and-synergists/renewal-approval/glyphosate/glyphosate-second-renewal_en [food.ec.europa.eu]
• Captan renewal report (2024 dossier page). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/backend/api/active_substance/download/1463 [ec.europa.eu]
• Propyzamide renewal report (2018; rev. 2022). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/backend/api/active_substance/download/1283 [ec.europa.eu]
• Propyzamide renewal report (2018 version). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/backend/api/active_substance/download/329 [ec.europa.eu]
• Azoxystrobin review report (2015; background). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/backend/api/active_substance/download/856 [ec.europa.eu]
• EU Implementing Regulation—Mancozeb non‑renewal (2020/2087). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2020/2087/oj/eng [eur-lex.europa.eu]
• Court of Justice—Mancozeb case C‑262/23 P (judgment 4 Oct 2024). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62023CJ0262 [eur-lex.europa.eu]

EU MRLs / AGRINFO (European Commission platform)

• Azoxystrobin—recent MRL amendments (2024–2025). https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-azoxystrobin/ [agrinfo.eu]
• Cypermethrins—MRL review in progress. https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-cypermethrins/ [agrinfo.eu]
• French national measure on selected non‑approved substances (incl. mancozeb) for imports (2025/2026). https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/french-national-mrl-measures-on-carbendazim-thiophanate-methyl-glufosinate-and-mancozeb/ [agrinfo.eu]
• Glyphosate renewal explainer. https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/renewal-of-glyphosate-approval/ [agrinfo.eu]

IARC / WHO (hazard classifications)

• IARC Monographs Vol. 112—press release (glyphosate, malathion, diazinon). https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/MonographVolume112-1.pdf [iarc.who.int]
• IARC Monographs Vol. 112—full PDF (“Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides”). https://inchem.org/documents/iarc/iarcmono/v112iarc.pdf [inchem.org]
• IARC—Glyphosate Q\&A / monograph explainer. https://www.iarc.who.int/featured-news/media-centre-iarc-news-glyphosate/ [iarc.who.int]
• IARC—Glyphosate monograph availability (news, 2015). https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/glyphosate-monograph-now-available/ [iarc.who.int]
• IARC—Monographs Volume 112 page. https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/iarc-monographs-volume-112-some-organophosphate-insecticides-and-herbicides-3/ [iarc.who.int]
• IARC press release—DDT, lindane and 2,4‑D classifications (2015). https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr236_E.pdf [iarc.who.int]

University of Hertfordshire – PPDB (Pesticide Properties DataBase)

• PPDB—main site. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/ [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• PPDB—main (English gateway). https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/ [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• Captan profile. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/114.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• Lambda‑cyhalothrin profile. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/415.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• Imidacloprid profile. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/397.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• Boscalid profile. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/86.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• Pendimethalin profile. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/511.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• Malathion profile. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/421.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• Carbaryl profile. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/115.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• 2,4‑D (dimethylamine salt) profile. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/3026.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]

FAO/WHO JMPR and related

• JMPR (FAO) evaluation—Azoxystrobin. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/JMPR/Evaluation13/Azoxystrobin.pdf [fao.org]
• JMPR—Boscalid (2009 evaluation). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/JMPR/Evaluation09/Boscalid.pdf [fao.org]
• JMPR report extract—Boscalid residues & intake. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/JMPR/Report09/Boscalid.pdf [fao.org]
• JMPR—Thiabendazole (2019). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/IPM_Pesticide/JMPR/Evaluations/2019_Extra/THIABENDAZOLE_065.pdf [fao.org]
• JMPR—Thiabendazole (historic 1977 addendum). https://inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v077pr43.htm [inchem.org]
• JMPR—Pendimethalin (2019). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/IPM_Pesticide/JMPR/Evaluations/2019_Extra/PENDIMETHALIN_292.pdf [fao.org]

Chlorpyrifos / Regulatory & NGO documents

• EFSA statements on chlorpyrifos (human health concerns). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/chlorpyrifos-assessment-identifies-human-health-effects [efsa.europa.eu]
• EU Commission—Chlorpyrifos & chlorpyrifos‑methyl status page. https://food.ec.europa.eu/plants/pesticides/approval-active-substances-safeners-and-synergists/renewal-approval/chlorpyrifos-chlorpyrifos-methyl_en [food.ec.europa.eu]
• EU support docs to PIC notification—Chlorpyrifos. https://www.pic.int/Portals/5/download.aspx?d=UNEP-FAO-RC-CRC.19-TG-INF-17-Chlorpyrifos.English.pdf [pic.int]
• Eurofins—Chlorpyrifos ban (EU/US) explainer. https://www.eurofins.de/food-analysis/food-news/food-testing-news/ban-of-chlorpyrifos-and-chlorpyrifos-methyl/ [eurofins.de]
• IPEN press—EU vote to ban chlorpyrifos (2019). http://www.ipen.org/news/victory-future-generations-%E2%80%93-european-governments-ban-brain-harming-pesticides-chlorpyrifos-and [A victory…brain …]
• HEAL/PAN briefing—Chlorpyrifos residues in fruit (2019). https://www.env-health.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/June-2019-PAN-HEAL-Briefing-chlorpyrifos_web.pdf [env-health.org]

Paraquat (toxicology & regulation)

• Irish Medical Journal—Paraquat poisonings before/after EU ban. https://imj.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Paraquat-poisoning-following-the-introduction-of-the-European-Union-ban.pdf [imj.ie]
• RCSI repository—Paraquat poisoning study item. https://repository.rcsi.com/articles/journal_contribution/Paraquat_poisoning_following_the_introduction_of_the_European_Union_ban/28650266 [repository.rcsi.com]
• Radiopaedia—Paraquat‑induced lung disease. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/paraquat-induced-lung-disease-1 [radiopaedia.org]
• PAN UK—The paraquat problem (overview). https://www.pan-uk.org/paraquat/ [pan-uk.org]
• BMC Public Health (2025)—Paraquat regulations review. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12889-025-23830-w.pdf [link.springer.com]

Azoxystrobin (uses & MRLs)

• EFSA reasoned opinion—Import tolerances for mangoes & oil palm fruits (2021). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6821 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]
• EU MRL amendments (2024–2025) recap (AGRINFO). https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-azoxystrobin/ [agrinfo.eu]

Captan (status & classification)

• EU review/renewal dossier page (Captan). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/backend/api/active_substance/download/1463 [ec.europa.eu]
• UseForesight—news on EU renewal and restrictions (2024). https://www.useforesight.io/news/european-commission-renews-approval-of-captan-with-new-restrictions [useforesight.io]
• ECHA CLH proposal—Captan (classification report). https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/17218/clh_rep_captan_en.pdf/d4b3461c-0560-f4b3-4210-b472ac5a8cdb?version=1.0&t=1659684632714&download=true [echa.europa.eu]

Mancozeb (non‑renewal & legal update)

• EU Implementing Regulation 2020/2087 (non‑renewal). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2020/2087/oj/eng [eur-lex.europa.eu]
• USDA GAIN note (context on non‑renewal & MRL review). https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/european-union-mancozeb-non-renewal-and-mrl-review [fas.usda.gov]
• CJEU judgment—Case C‑262/23 P (mancozeb). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62023CJ0262 [eur-lex.europa.eu]
• UseForesight—summary of Court ruling on mancozeb. https://www.useforesight.io/news/eu-court-overturns-commissions-decision-on-mancozeb-renewal-based-on-flawed-evidence [useforesight.io]

Lambda‑cyhalothrin & cypermethrins

• EFSA reasoned opinion—lambda‑cyhalothrin MRL (avocados, 2023). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8464 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]
• PPDB profile—lambda‑cyhalothrin. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/415.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• EFSA cypermethrin conclusions (2018). https://www.tentamus.com/legacy-uploads/sites/5/2017/02/EFSA_Journal_Cipermetrina_2018.pdf [tentamus.com]
• EFSA MRL review—cypermethrins (2022/2023). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7800 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]
• AGRINFO—draft changes to MRLs for (alpha‑)cypermethrin/cypermethrin. https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-cypermethrins/ [agrinfo.eu]
• US EPA—zeta‑cypermethrin human health risk assessment (context). https://downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OPP-2010-0472-0012/content.pdf [downloads….ations.gov]

Imidacloprid (neonicotinoid)

• ECHA substance info (imidacloprid). https://www.echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.102.643 [echa.europa.eu]
• US EPA—Imidacloprid Proposed Interim Decision (2020). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-01/documents/imidacloprid_pid_signed_1.22.2020.pdf [epa.gov]
• Minnesota Dept. of Health—Imidacloprid toxicological summary (2023). https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/risk/docs/guidance/gw/imidasumm.pdf [health.state.mn.us]
• Health Canada PMRA—Imidacloprid re‑evaluation decision (2021). https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2021/sc-hc/h113-28/H113-28-2021-5-eng.pdf [publications.gc.ca]
• FSC US ESRA—Imidacloprid (hazard summary). https://us.fsc.org/preview.appendix-2-imidacloprid.a-818.pdf [us.fsc.org]
• PPDB profile—Imidacloprid. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/397.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]

Pendimethalin (herbicide)

• PPDB profile—Pendimethalin. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/511.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• Wikipedia—Pendimethalin (general background). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendimethalin [en.wikipedia.org]
• IR‑4 research summary—Pendimethalin crop safety (2024). https://ir4.cals.ncsu.edu/EHC/RegSupport/ResearchSummary/PendimethalinCropSafety2024.pdf [ir4.cals.ncsu.edu]
• JMPR—Pendimethalin evaluation (2019). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/IPM_Pesticide/JMPR/Evaluations/2019_Extra/PENDIMETHALIN_292.pdf [fao.org]
• US EPA—Pendimethalin RED fact sheet (1997). https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-108501_1-Jun-97.pdf [www3.epa.gov]
• Cornell CALS—Prowl/pendimethalin herbicide reference. https://cals.cornell.edu/weed-science/herbicides/herbicide-reference/prowl-pendimethalin [cals.cornell.edu]

Malathion (organophosphate)

• IARC Vol. 112—malathion classification (Group 2A). https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/MonographVolume112-1.pdf [iarc.who.int]
• EFSA technical report—malathion confirmatory data (2016). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.EN-951 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]
• PPDB profile—Malathion. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/421.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• APVMA—Malathion Final Review Technical Report (2024). https://www.apvma.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-05/Malathion%20-%20Final%20Review%20Technical%20Report%20-%202024.pdf [apvma.gov.au]
• US EPA response & literature context (organophosphates). https://downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0317-0173/content.pdf [downloads….ations.gov]

Carbaryl (carbamate)

• EU—Carbaryl status in EU Pesticides Database (not approved). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/active-substances/details/832 [ec.europa.eu]
• EU notification to Rotterdam Convention—Carbaryl ban/severe restriction. http://pic.int/Portals/5/download.aspx?d=UNEP-FAO-RC-FRA-NOTIF-Carbaryl-63252-EU-20071123.En.pdf [FORM FOR N…VERELY …]
• US EPA—Carbaryl hazard summary (IRIS/HEEP). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/carbaryl.pdf [epa.gov]
• US EPA—Carbaryl registration review scoping (2010). https://downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OPP-2010-0230-0005/content.pdf [downloads….ations.gov]
• PPDB profile—Carbaryl. https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/115.htm [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• (Context) LegalClarity article on carbaryl bans/restrictions. https://legalclarity.org/why-is-carbaryl-banned-health-and-environmental-risks/ [legalclarity.org]

Glyphosate (additional context & commentary)

• BfR (Germany)—note on EFSA glyphosate re‑evaluation (July 2023). https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/glyphosate-efsa-information-on-re-evaluation-as-a-plant-protection-active-substance-published.pdf [bfr.bund.de]
• UseForesight—news explainer on EU renewal conditions (2024). https://www.useforesight.io/news/eu-commission-renews-glyphosate-approval-with-specific-conditions [useforesight.io]
• IARC glyphosate presentation deck (ECHA mirror). https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/2230734/glyphosate_iarc_en.pdf/74a6810b-1704-1cfd-49a7-e3f2103d1180?version=1.0&t=1481096995507&download=true [echa.europa.eu]
• BMJ editorial—probable carcinogenicity of glyphosate (2019). https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1613 [bmj.com]
• Genetic Literacy Project—profile on IARC glyphosate debate (context). https://geneticliteracyproject.org/glp-facts/iarc-international-agency-research-cancer-glyphosate-determination-world-consensus/ [geneticlit…roject.org]

Propyzamide (lettuce & oilseed rape)

• EFSA peer review (2016) – propyzamide. https://doaj.org/article/9d89922f04cf48d894ab4d1b61e3b546 [doaj.org]
• EFSA peer review (2022 confirmatory data) – propyzamide. https://doaj.org/article/8461ce2a789144b38b33f18faf0721ae [doaj.org]
• EU renewal dossier page—propyzamide (revised 2022). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/backend/api/active_substance/download/1283 [ec.europa.eu]
• EFSA reasoned opinion—propyzamide MRLs for herbal infusions (2013). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3378 [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]

General risk communication

• BfR—FAQ on plant protection product residues & MRLs. https://www.bfr.bund.de/assets/01_Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen/FAQ_englisch/questions-and-answers-on-plant-protection-product-residues-in-food.pdf [bfr.bund.de]

Absolutely—here are the references for the additional pesticides and residue markers I mentioned, grouped by topic. I’ve included the original URLs and a source tag after each item.

Monitoring context (what’s frequently detected)

• EFSA Annual Report on Pesticide Residues – 2023 results (scientific report). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9398 [discovery….rcher.life]
• Summary of 2023 findings (what’s often detected/exceeds MRLs). https://www.phytocontrol.com/en/regulatory-watch/efsa-annual-report-on-pesticides-2023/ [doaj.org]
• News overview of EFSA 2023 report (country & substance patterns). https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2025/05/efsa-report-details-pesticide-residue-situation/
• (Background, 2021 dataset) EFSA news on annual report. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/pesticides-food-latest-data-published [pdfs.seman…cholar.org]
• (Extra context) Lab summary of 2021 highlights. https://www.agrolab.com/en/news/food-news/4528-pesticides-dans-les-aliments-radar-06-23-en.html

Chlormequat (oats, fungi, carry‑over to animal products)

• AGRINFO—EU plans to adjust MRLs (fungi/animal products; timeline into 2026–27). https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-chlormequat/ [downloads….ations.gov]
• Eurofins technical note—detection in oat foods; EU MRLs by commodity. https://www.eurofins.de/food-analysis/food-news/food-testing-news/chlormequat-and-mepiquat/ [efsa.onlin….wiley.com]
• **EFSA Journal (2025)—MRL modification request for **oat grain. https://www.x-mol.com/paper/1917646415563304960 [agrinfo.eu]
• (Background) EFSA Article 12 review (2016) record. https://app.overton.io/document.php?policy_document_id=efsaeu-62382db06eb71378ae66ba3a03d54484 [ec.europa.eu]

Acetamiprid (incl. honey & oilseeds)

• AGRINFO—EU MRL amendments in Jan & Jun 2025 (incl. “honey & other apiculture products”). https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-acetamiprid/ [iarc.who.int]
• EUR‑Lex draft Regulation (24 June 2025) on acetamiprid MRLs. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=intcom:C%282025%293919 [fas.usda.gov]
• EFSA (2025)—MRL modification for acetamiprid in honey (reasoned opinion). https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122436/records/6800edc7974c899542f7e5f7 [bfr.bund.de]
• EFSA (2022)—MRL modifications for honey & oilseed crops (reasoned opinion). https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7535 [24d.info]

Spinosad (spinosyn insecticide; salad/leafy veg MRL tightening)

• AGRINFO—Regulation (EU) 2022/1406 reduced MRLs for specific salad vegetables after EFSA ARfD. https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-spinosad/ [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• EFSA peer review conclusion (toxicology/MRL context). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniele-Court-Marques/publication/324912488_Peer_review_of_the_pesticide_risk_assessment_of_the_active_substance_spinosad/links/5af94f150f7e9b026bf6e0b2/Peer-review-of-the-pesticide-risk-assessment-of-the-active-substance-spinosad.pdf [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• (Additional context) USDA APHIS human health/ecological RA (2025). https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2025-final-spinosad-hhera-508.pdf [openknowle…ge.fao.org]

Spirotetramat (systemic “keto‑enol” insecticide)

• JMPR (2013)—residue definitions & commodity set (parent + enol). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/IPM_Pesticide/JMPR/Evaluations/2013/Spirotetramat.pdf [agrinfo.eu]
• US EPA—product registration documentation (2025). https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/011678-00092-20250915.pdf [efsa.europa.eu]

Fludioxonil (fungicide for small fruits, post‑harvest uses)

• EFSA (2021)—MRL modifications for blueberries, currants, cranberries, gooseberries. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6477 [sitem.herts.ac.uk]
• PPDB profile (University of Hertfordshire). https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/330.htm [tentamus.com]
• JMPR—fludioxonil residue evaluation (methods, definitions). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/JMPR/Evaluation12/Fludioxonil.pdf [core.ac.uk]

Pyrimethanil (fungicide; grapes, garlic, honey, leafy crops)

• EFSA (2023)—MRL modifications for table grapes, garlic and honey. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/8195 [researchgate.net]
• AGRINFO (2024)—Regulation 2024/1078 includes pyrimethanil updates. https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-pyrimethanil/ [core.ac.uk]
• (Background) EFSA (2016)—leek MRL modification. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4514 [doaj.org]

Propamocarb (fungicide; lettuce, radish, rucola, honey)

• AGRINFO (2024→2025)—propamocarb: increases for radishes & rucola; honey raised; lettuce to be lowered. https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-level-for-propamocarb/ [legalclarity.org]
• EU Pesticides Database—current MRL table for propamocarb (by commodity). https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/mrls/details?lg_code=EN&pest_res_id_list=359 [downloads….ations.gov]

Prochloraz (no EU approval; all MRLs lowered to LOD)

• AGRINFO—EU reduced all MRLs to LOD (Reg. 2024/352). https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-prochloraz/ [food.gov.uk]
• EU Pesticides Database—MRL table showing LOD settings across commodities. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/mrls/details?lg_code=EN&pest_res_id_list=184 [gov.uk]
• EFSA (2018)—Article 12 MRL review (basis for later LOD move). https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122436/records/67597671c7a957febdf79baf [content.go…livery.com]
• EUR‑Lex (2020/192)—earlier MRL amendments reflecting EFSA concerns. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/192/oj/eng [sitem.herts.ac.uk]

Fosetyl‑Al / Potassium & Disodium phosphonates → Phosphonic acid (new EU residue definition)

• EUR‑Lex—Regulation (EU) 2024/2619 (residue definition now “phosphonic acid and its salts”). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/2619/oj/eng [radiopaedia.org]
• AGRINFO—overview of changes & commodities affected. https://agrinfo.eu/book-of-reports/maximum-residue-levels-for-fosetyl-alphosphonic-acid/ [pan-uk.org]
• Eurofins—lab explainer on new definition and entry routes (fertilisers, boosters). https://www.eurofins.de/food-analysis/food-news/food-testing-news/legal-regulation-for-phosphonic-acid-residues-in-food/ [repository.rcsi.com]
• **SGS UK—practical implications, and note that *GB* still uses the old residue definition.** https://www.sgs.com/en-gb/news/2025/05/fosetyl-aluminum-to-phosphonic-acid-regulatory-update [healthcare…etin.co.uk]
• Phytocontrol—summary of increases/decreases by crop; application date 29 Apr 2025. https://www.phytocontrol.com/en/regulatory-watch/changes-for-fosetyl-and-phosphonic-acid/ [fao.org]

Residue markers often reported (not always from field pesticide use)

• Copper, bromide ion, chlorate—frequently quantified; ethylene oxide among key exceedances in some categories (EU 2023 data). https://www.phytocontrol.com/en/regulatory-watch/efsa-annual-report-on-pesticides-2023/ ; https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2025/05/efsa-report-details-pesticide-residue-situation/ [doaj.org]
• EFSA (2025) scientific report—full 2023 dataset & statistical method (probabilistic risk). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9398 [discovery….rcher.life]

UK monitoring

• UK PRiF—Quarter 3, 2024 monitoring results (Food Standards Agency/HSE). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pesticide-residues-in-food-quarterly-monitoring-results-for-2024/quarter-3-2024-report-on-the-pesticide-residues-monitoring-programme [food.ec.europa.eu]
• EU Pesticides Database (handy for quick MRL checks by commodity or substance). https://food.ec.europa.eu/plants/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database_en [hcpltd.org]